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Abstract
The chemokine CXCL13 mediates recruitment of B cells to tumors and is essential for the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TLSs are thought to support antitumor immunity and are associated with improved prognosis. However, it remains unknown whether TLSs are formed in response to the general inflammatory character of the tumor microenvironment, or rather, are induced by (neo)antigen-specific adaptive immunity. We here report on the finding that the TGFβ-dependent CD103+CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T-cell (TIL) subpopulation expressed and produced CXCL13. Accordingly, CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood activated in the presence of TGFβ upregulated CD103 and secreted CXCL13. Conversely, inhibition of TGFβ receptor signaling abrogated CXCL13 production. CXCL13+CD103+CD8+ TILs correlated with B-cell recruitment, TLSs, and neoantigen burden in six cohorts of human tumors. Altogether, our findings indicated that TGFβ plays a noncanonical role in coordinating immune responses against human tumors and suggest a potential role for CXCL13+CD103+CD8+ TILs in mediating B-cell recruitment and TLS formation in human tumors.
Footnotes
Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Immunology Research Online (http://cancerimmunolres.aacrjournals.org/).
H.H. Workel and J.M. Lubbers are the co-first authors of this article.
H.W. Nijman and M. de Bruyn are the co-senior authors of this article.
- Received July 30, 2018.
- Revision received December 3, 2018.
- Accepted March 6, 2019.
- Published first March 14, 2019.
- ©2019 American Association for Cancer Research.
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