Adoptive Immunotherapy with Antigen-Specific T Cells Expressing a Native TCR

Modulation of cytokines to augment T-cell responses. Several different strategies to increase lymphoproliferative cytokines in the TME exist, including direct administration of cytokines, use of lymphodepletion to produce homeostatic cytokines, or modification of the infused T cells by genetic engineering or a nanogel “backpack” (left). An alternative strategy is to transduce the cell with a switch receptor to convert a negative signal into a positive signal or to activate a cytokine receptor (right).