Abstract
Ipilimumab, a novel immune checkpoint inhibitor, is associated with long-term survival in approximately 20% of patients with advanced melanoma and is also being evaluated in the adjuvant setting. With this growing cohort of survivors, long-term health outcomes, chronic toxicities, and functional outcomes among survivors treated with ipilimumab need to be defined. Using retrospective medical record abstraction, we evaluated disease status, chronic immune- and non–immune-related health events, pharmacologic management of symptoms, and functional status in patients with melanoma, with overall survival ≥2 years following ipilimumab treatment at Vanderbilt University. Ninety patients received ipilimumab for metastatic disease or as adjuvant therapy between January 2006 and September 2012, and 33 patients survived ≥2 years, with a median overall survival of 60.1 months. Of these, 24 patients were alive at the last follow-up (73%), with 14 patients free of disease (42%). Gastrointestinal and dermatologic adverse events were frequent but largely transient. By contrast, patients with hypophysitis universally required ongoing corticosteroids, although largely remained asymptomatic with appropriate hormone replacement. Surviving patients generally had excellent performance status (ECOG 0–1 in 23 of 24). Chronic neurologic toxicities caused substantial morbidity and mortality in 2 patients who received whole-brain radiotherapy >5 years before analysis, and in one patient with chronic, painful peripheral neuropathy. No previously undescribed cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hematologic, or neoplastic safety signals were identified. In conclusion, ipilimumab was associated with largely excellent functional outcomes among long-term survivors. Chronic endocrine dysfunction and occasional neurologic toxicity (primarily associated with whole-brain radiation) were observed in a small number of patients. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(5); 464–9. ©2015 AACR.
Introduction
Historically, long-term survival from metastatic melanoma was a rarity. Durable remissions, however, were occasionally observed in patients treated with high-dose IL2 (1, 2). Another immune modulator has more recently increased the proportion of patients with protracted survival. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody to CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4), activates antitumor immune responses. This agent has been shown to induce long-term disease control (3–5 years) in approximately 20% of patients in large prospective and retrospective analyses (3–6). Aberrant autoimmune T-cell activation occurs in a substantial minority of patients, resulting in acute immune-related toxicities, such as colitis, hepatitis, endocrinopathies, dermatitis, and other rare but serious events (3, 7–11). These adverse events, which most commonly arise during the first 3 months of therapy, are of variable duration and intensity (5). Colitis, for example, often resolves rapidly with corticosteroid administration, whereas endocrinopathies may persist indefinitely (12, 13). Additional immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly antibodies to programmed death-1 receptor and its ligand (PD-1/PD-L1), are also being developed for melanoma and in several other malignancies with promising results (14–16).
As an increasing proportion of patients derive sustained benefits from immune therapies, and these agents move into the adjuvant setting, survivorship concerns will become increasingly important. Despite the well-characterized acute toxicity profile, the long-term and chronic effects of immune therapies, including ipilimumab, have not been thoroughly explored. Thus, there is a critical need to characterize the impact of ipilimumab on intermediate and long-term health outcomes, including immune-related sequelae, pharmacologic management, and health-related quality of life.
To investigate the chronic effects of this agent, we identified 33 patients with melanoma treated with ipilimumab at our institution between 2006 and 2012 who survived for at least 2 years with evaluable follow-up. We assessed their current disease status, ongoing symptoms, interval health events, medication utilization, and functional status via retrospective chart review.
Materials and Methods
Patients
After obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for the proposed studies, we extracted clinical data from the electronic medical record for patients at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center treated with ipilimumab between January 2006 and September 2012; follow-up occurred through October 2014. Patients were included if they had ≥2 years of follow-up data beginning at the first ipilimumab dose until death, loss to follow-up, or the end of the study period, September 2014. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they had received at least one dose of ipilimumab, irrespective of dosage (3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), indication (metastatic disease or as adjuvant therapy for resected melanoma at high risk of recurrence), or setting (clinical trial or commercially available). Patients on the following clinical trials were included: NCT01274338 (ECOG 1609), NCT00094653, NCT00623766, and NCT00495066. Patients who received prior or subsequent anticancer therapies were included.
Study design
We assessed ipilimumab efficacy in terms of overall survival (OS), defined as the time of ipilimumab initiation to time of death from any cause, and progression-free survival (PFS) as defined by RECIST 1.1 criteria. We recorded immune-related toxicities (including colitis, endocrinopathies, hepatitis, dermatitis, and neuropathy), health-related events (e.g., diagnosis of new illnesses, and hospitalizations), medication doses, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status as documented in provider notes. Side-effect characteristic of and attributed to subsequent therapies or cancer-related symptoms were identified but not attributed to ipilimumab. We also interrogated the medical records for tumor mutation status. Our institution performs reflex testing on melanoma samples using the SNaPshot platform as described previously (17). This test assesses 49 point mutations in BRAF, NRAS, CKIT, GNAQ, GNA11, and CTNNB1.
Statistical analysis
Categorical and continuous variables were summarized by percentages and means; no formal statistical hypothesis testing was performed with these variables. OS and PFS were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method; patients were censored at the last available follow-up. OS for patients who received corticosteroids for immune-related adverse events was compared with those who did not by the log-rank test. All analyses were performed using R version 3.1.1.
Results
Patients
We identified 90 patients treated with ipilimumab between 2006 and 2012; 33 survived for at least 24 months with evaluable follow-up (3 were lost to follow-up and 54 died before 24 months). Among the 33 long-term survivors, the median age upon initiation of ipilimumab was 60 years; the majority had stage IVc melanoma (52%) and 22% had brain metastases (Table 1). Fourteen patients (42%) had received prior systemic therapy, including chemotherapy (36%), high-dose IL2 (9%), and BRAF inhibitors or other targeted therapy (12%). Most patients (61%) received the now-FDA approved dose of 3 mg/kg, the remainder received 10 mg/kg or were treated at outside facilities with an unknown dose with subsequent treatment and/or follow-up at our center. Eight patients (24%) received ipilimumab as an adjuvant therapy as part of clinical protocols for resected disease at high risk of relapse.
Demographics and ipilimumab dose
Response to therapy and survival
Although only patients who experienced an OS of ≥24 months were included, patient outcomes even within this select group were heterogeneous. The median PFS period for this group of patients was 15.1 months (Fig. 1A). Seventeen patients (52%) required additional systemic therapy and 4 received a second course of ipilimumab. The median OS was 60.1 months, although many patients were censored before the median survival (Fig. 1B). Nine patients (27%) had died at the last evaluable follow–up, including 2 patients who died of causes unrelated to melanoma (see “Acute and chronic immune-related toxicities,” below). Given the concern that corticosteroids may blunt the effectiveness of ipilimumab, we assessed survival for patients who received corticosteroids for immune-related adverse events. Survival in the 10 patients who had received corticosteroids for greater than 1 month was not inferior to survival in those that did not receive corticosteroids (log-rank P = 0.31; Fig. 1C). Figure 2 summarizes the PFS, OS, and subsequent treatments for the study cohort.
A, PFS for all patients with 95% confidence intervals. B, OS for all patients with 95% confidence intervals. C, patients who received steroids (n = 12) vs. no steroids (n = 21).
Duration of response and survival, subsequent anticancer therapy, and mutation status.
Acute and chronic immune-related toxicities
Next, we evaluated the treatment-related toxicities in this population. Given the extensive literature regarding acute immune-related adverse events complicating ipilimumab, we focused on chronic toxicities.
Gastrointestinal toxicity.
Seven patients experienced colitis (21%), all but one during the initial four doses of ipilimumab. One patient developed severe diarrhea with onset >2 years after starting ipilimumab, although this resolved rapidly with corticosteroids. No cases of colitis were associated with protracted gastrointestinal symptoms.
Endocrine toxicity.
Hypophysitis/hypopituitarism was diagnosed in 8 of 33 patients (24%). All patients initially received high-dose corticosteroids with subsequent taper, except for 1 patient who received prednisone, 5 mg daily, with clinical improvement. In contrast with other transient adverse events, all cases of hypophysitis required prolonged hormone replacement. Notably, although each patient required ongoing low-dose corticosteroid administration (prednisone, 5 mg daily, or hydrocortisone, 10 mg/5 mg daily), several patients were weaned off thyroid hormone replacement with subsequent normalization of thyroid functions. Testosterone replacement was also instituted in 5 patients (15%) and was continued during evaluable follow-up in 4 of these patients. New onset, isolated hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency occurred in 1 patient each and required protracted hormone replacement for the duration of follow-up.
Dermatologic toxicity.
Pruritis and skin rashes were common (>50%) in the acute setting as previously described and were largely manageable with topical corticosteroids and antihistamines. One patient had a pruritic maculopapular skin eruption arising after his third dose that improved with a brief course of methylprednisolone but required ongoing topical hydrocortisone and oral antihistamines for over 1 year while receiving maintenance ipilimumab. Two patients experienced delayed skin conditions that may or may not be related to ipilimumab. One patient developed ulcerative lesions on the upper extremities 3 years after completing ipilimumab that resolved with topical antibiotics; another experienced scaly, pruritic plaque-like lesions consistent with eczema approximately 7 years after completing therapy. No other extended morbidity or mortality from cutaneous conditions was noted in this series.
Neurologic toxicity.
One patient developed neuropathic pain in the lower extremities within 1 month following her fourth dose of ipilimumab. She has subsequently required chronic narcotic therapy during the next 3 years. She experienced a complete response of her melanoma but developed an isolated small bowel recurrence 12 months before this analysis. This was surgically resected and she remains disease free. It was not clear whether her neuropathy was immune mediated or related to prior surgery; she did not receive corticosteroids. Two other transient, potentially immune-related neurologic events occurred. In one case, a cranial nerve VII palsy (Bell's palsy) occurred nearly 3 weeks after the second dose of ipilimumab induction and rapidly resolved with corticosteroids. In another case, a patient who experienced hypophysitis subsequently developed peripheral neuropathy with patchy paresthesias and mild weakness in his extremities approximately 2 months after starting ipilimumab. Brain/cervical spine MRI were normal, and electromyogram showed findings suggestive of mild chronic denervation. His findings completely resolved over 3 months with corticosteroid treatment (60 mg daily with rapid taper).
Two patients treated with ipilimumab after receiving whole-brain radiation for multiple brain metastases had significant functional decline over the next several years, which was felt to be at least partially related to radiotherapy. Both of these patients had outstanding complete or near-complete responses both intra- and extra-cranially after receiving ipilimumab. One patient developed progressive weakness, memory loss, and seizures; brain MRI showed presumed radiation necrosis. Her symptoms and imaging findings progressed over the next several years despite treatment with dexamethasone and bevacizumab. She died suddenly of unknown causes nearly 5 years after receiving ipilimumab despite having no evidence of active disease. The second patient also received ipilimumab in 2008 but developed a left corona radiata lacunar infarct in 2012 associated with nonresolving aphasia and right lower extremity weakness. Preexisting and ongoing poorly controlled blood pressure and medical noncompliance likely contributed to this event.
Other immune-related events of interest.
No serious acute or chronic ocular disorders (e.g., uveitis and episcleritis), liver injury, or hematologic abnormalities were noted in this population.
Other health-related outcomes
To investigate whether ipilimumab is associated with other significant health events and morbidity in long-term survivors, we reviewed patient records for other adverse events that are not classically associated with immune therapy. Among these 33 patients, we did not observe any adverse cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hematologic, neoplastic, or hepatic events. One patient developed a transient, presumably nonmalignant, pericardial effusion while subsequently receiving an anti–PD-1 antibody, although he was found to have hypothyroidism concurrently (attributed to anti–PD-1).
Several other events of interest occurred in this patient population that had unclear relation to ipilimumab. One patient who experienced a complete response to ipilimumab developed a chronic, nonhealing ulcer at the site of a skin graft that had previously been radiated for a local recurrence; this complication occurred nearly 7 years following ipilimumab. Two patients developed fractures (rib and thoracic spine) associated with sites of metastatic disease. A 24-year-old patient who had previously experienced colitis during her induction developed acute appendicitis 28 months following completion of ipilimumab; clinical and pathologic evaluation appeared consistent with a routine case of appendicitis without concurrent small bowel or colon inflammation.
Functional status and ongoing pharmacologic management
Among the 24 patients who were alive at the last follow-up, 14 (58%) showed no evidence of active disease, and 10 patients (42%) were receiving subsequent lines of therapy. At the last available follow-up, 8 patients (33% of surviving patients) continued to receive corticosteroids, and 9 were on thyroid replacement therapy (38%) for endocrine complications. Although many patients required short-term, high-dose corticosteroids for acute events, all those requiring long-term steroid administration tolerated dose reduction to replacement level dosing of prednisone or hydrocortisone. Of the surviving patients, 23 of 24 had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, with only 1 patient being more debilitated (the patient who experienced the cerebrovascular accident above; Table 2). Many patients returned to work and nearly half (11) had no symptoms or functional limitations attributable to melanoma, ipilimumab, or other health conditions. This included 2 patients with multiple brain metastases treated in 2007 and 2012, demonstrating the possible long-term benefit of ipilimumab even among patients with previously grim outcomes.
Status at the most recent follow-up
Discussion
In this study, we characterized the effects of ipilimumab in a cohort of patients who survived ≥2 years following start of treatment. We found that the majority of these survivors maintained an excellent performance status with minimal chronic sequelae attributable to ipilimumab. Hypophysitis and other endocrinopathies are the primary immune-related adverse events that require ongoing pharmacologic management with long-term hormone replacement. In addition, chronic radiation toxicities were problematic for a small subset of patients in this series. To our knowledge, this is the first study that comprehensively characterizes the long-term toxicities, health outcomes, and functional status of long-term survivors who received ipilimumab.
Delayed and chronic toxicities associated with a wide range of cytotoxic chemotherapy and molecularly targeted agents have been identified (18–23). Understanding the long-term effects and possible complications from immune therapies, a completely distinct class of therapeutics, is critical. As these agents produce durable benefits across an increasing number of cancer types and are investigated in the adjuvant setting, these efforts will become still more important. Our study takes the first step by reporting long-term health outcomes from a series of patients with melanoma receiving ipilimumab.
Our study provides several other critical insights. First, the long-term survival associated with ipilimumab may also unmask delayed toxicities related to radiotherapy. Two patients who received whole-brain radiotherapy experienced cognitive and functional decline over a period of 4 to 5 years despite experiencing a durable antitumor response. Another patient, now 7 years from ipilimumab initiation, developed a delayed, nonhealing ulcer at the site of radiation for a previous local recurrence that required surgical intervention. Confirmation of this phenomenon in a larger cohort may be prudent. Oncologists should be vigilant for potential delayed effects of radiation, particularly whole-brain radiotherapy, in this patient population with possible long-term survival.
Second, we did not observe any new safety signals that raised a concern in most other organ systems, including cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, neoplastic, ocular, or hematologic systems. This is a critical finding in that chronic, multisystem immune-related toxicities are prominent features of many models of aberrant immune activation (e.g., graft vs. host disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.; refs. 24, 25). Furthermore, a growing body of literature implicates T-cell dysregulation as critical to the pathogenesis of such conditions as coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes (26–28). Our sample size is relatively small, and follow-up is limited to <5 years in many patients. Long-term safety data for ipilimumab and other immune therapies, therefore, are needed from larger cohorts with prolonged follow-up.
Third, we provided additional support for the chronic nature of ipilimumab-induced endocrinopathies (13, 29). This finding is important when counseling patients regarding expected adverse events, particularly if ipilimumab is used as an adjuvant therapy in the future. Despite the protracted nature of these toxicities, patients remained largely asymptomatic when receiving adequate hormone replacement.
Finally, we observed that corticosteroid administration did not adversely influence survival among this select group of prolonged survivors. This observation provides additional support that judicious use of corticosteroids for immune-related adverse events does not adversely affect OS. A larger cohort of unselected patients (short-term and long-term survivors) would be required to answer this question conclusively.
Our study contains several important limitations. First, the sample size is relatively small, and therefore infrequent outcomes may not be identified. Second, we focused on only long-term survivors, limiting the predictive value of our clinical observations for unselected patients; this has been examined in other investigations (5). Finally, we report only data extracted from the medical record. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life and psychosocial well-being, are important and should be considered in the design of a prospective study.
In conclusion, the increasing proportion of durable tumor regressions induced by ipilimumab and other immune therapies is a major therapeutic breakthrough in melanoma. Attendant to this welcome advance though, there will arise new management challenges. In our experience, treatment with ipilimumab was associated with excellent functional outcomes in patients with extended survival with only a few exceptions. Evaluating the long-term complications of these agents and identifying survivorship concerns will grow in importance as these agents are used increasingly.
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
C.M. Lovly reports receiving commercial research grants from AstraZeneca and Novartis; has received honoraria from the speakers bureaus of Abbot Molecular and Qiagen; and is a consultant/advisory board member for Novartis, Pfizer, and Harrison and Star. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed by the other authors.
Authors' Contributions
Conception and design: D.B. Johnson, D.L. Friedman, E. Berry, I. Puzanov, C.M. Lovly
Development of methodology: D.B. Johnson, D.L. Friedman, C.M. Lovly
Acquisition of data (provided animals, acquired and managed patients, provided facilities, etc.): D.B. Johnson, E. Berry, I. Puzanov, J.A. Sosman, C.M. Lovly
Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): D.B. Johnson, D.L. Friedman, I. Decker, F. Ye, S. Zhao, A.K. Morgans, I. Puzanov, C.M. Lovly
Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: D.B. Johnson, D.L. Friedman, I. Decker, F. Ye, A.K. Morgans, I. Puzanov, J.A. Sosman, C.M. Lovly
Administrative, technical, or material support (i.e., reporting or organizing data, constructing databases): D.B. Johnson, I. Puzanov, C.M. Lovly
Study supervision: D.B. Johnson
Grant Support
This work was supported by the NIH grant K12 CA 0906525 (D.B. Johnson).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Received November 18, 2014.
- Revision received January 9, 2015.
- Accepted January 26, 2015.
- ©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.
References
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